How Far Cable Take Television Go

The number of Americans who can remember the days before reality television and the 24-hour news cycle is shrinking. However, during the late 1940s and early '50s, there were only four networks on the air. In addition to national news broadcasts, the four major networks aired programs like "I Love Lucy," "The $64,000 Question," and "Captain Kangaroo." These programs eventually became an important part of America's cultural history.

Unfortunately, not every household in the country could enjoy these iconic programs. During that time, television signals were transmitted from an antenna to homes within the antenna's line of sight. People living in mountainous or remote areas were outside of the antenna's range and without access. Primitive systems were developed by communities in these areas to provide residents with access to these programs. Typically, someone would place an antenna on a hill and run wire to each of the television sets. The television signal weakened as it traveled the length of the cable, so amplifiers were placed at about every 1,000 feet to boost the strength of the signal. While this system allowed the signal to reach homes that were not served by the antenna, it was not reliable. Amplifiers caused noise and distortion, plus the failure of one amplifier caused the failure of the entire system.
The 1960s were a period of slow growth for the industry. By that time, nearly one million customers received service from approximately 800 cable systems. Entrepreneurs and well-known corporations began investing in equipment and infrastructure. However, at the urging of the local stations, the government expanded the jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission to restrict systems from carrying signals from distant markets. Growth was stifled until the early 1970s.

Advances in technology, and decreased government regulation, led to big growth during the '70s. The first pay-TV network was launched in 1972. The network could be broadcast nationally through the use of a satellite distribution system using domestic satellite transmission. Soon after, an Atlanta television station airing sports and classic movies would begin to use the satellite service to broadcast nationwide to become the country's first superstation. As a result of the use of satellite technology, the number of program networks would multiply rapidly.

Cable really took off during the 1980s and '90s. The FCC relaxed regulations placed on the industry, which prompted cable companies to invest in wiring the country. By 1998, there were 171 national video networks and the average customer received at least 54 channels. The industry only continued to grow over the decades.

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